Network and Telecommunications

Posted by The Unbeatable , Labels: , Friday, March 5, 2010 7:23 AM

Network and Telecommunications


Since a hundred years ago, the worldwide telecom network enables universal inter-personal voice communication. The services provided by the network have evolved over time which is cause from technical changes. There are many changes such as from connection through human operator to electromechanical to electronic switches ; from only national or local calls to seamless international calls ; from one basic service to added value service and most importantly from wired access to wireless access.


Wired Technologies


~A typical wired network~



~The various connection of wired network~


Wired technology has been around for ages. It first became popular in the early 1900's with the introduction of the telephone network. The use of wired connections trigger the creation of other technologies like multiplexing and SONET. Electronic signals are being transmitted over a metal conductor through the use of physical wires. Currently, this is the most reliable way to transmitting or receiving data or voice. The Internet transmits a large amount of data through fiber optic cabling and also employs a large amount of T1/T3 lines that run over standard copper wiring. Thus, wired technologies refers to copper wiring but does not include fiber optic technologies. Below are different types of wired technologies:


Twisted-paired wire
Ordinary telephone wire which is made up of copper wire twisted into pairs. It is the most widely used medium for telecommunications. This is because twisted-pair wire is very cheap to install. The transmission bits is within 2 million bits per second (unshielded) and 100 million bits per second (shielded).


Coaxial Cable
Consist of sturdy copper or aluminum wire which is wrapped with spacers to insulate and protect it. Coaxial cable is more expensive than twisted-pair wire. The transmission speed is from 200 million to over 500 million bits per second (200 - 500 Mbps).


Fiber-Optic Cable
Uses cable which consists of one or more hair-thin filaments of glass fiber wrapped in a protective jacket. Fiber-optic cable is the most expensive type of cable. Like wise, it is very secure, 100 times faster speed than coaxial cabel, greater carrying capacity and it does not make any noise.



Wireless Technologies


Wireless telecommunications technologies rely on radio wave, microwave, infrared, and visible light pulses to transport digital communications without wires between the communications devices. It is used when the situation is inconvenient, impractical, or impossible to install cables. There are a lot kinds of wireless technologies nowadays such as cell phones, PDAs, mobile radio, Bluetooth and others as described below :

Terrestrial Microwave

Include earthbound microwave systems transmit high-speed radio signals. It follows a line-of-sight path between relay systems that consist of space around 30 miles apart. This kind of microwave is used in large companies or universities. They can transmit data at rates up to 4500 times faster than dial-up modem.



Communication Satellites

Their telecommunications mediums is the use of microwave radio. Satellites are powered by solar panels and can transmit microwave signals at a rate of several hundred million bits per second. They were used initially for voice and video transmission but now they are also used for high speed transmission of large volumes of data.



Wireless Web

Wireless internet, intranets, and extranets access is growing as web-enabled information appliances proliferate. Wireless web is used in smart phones, pagers, PDAs to provide web access through a "Web clipping" technology.





The Effect of Evolution

Today, the evolution of wireless technologies continues to improve airlink performance. However, additional emphasis is placed on seamless wireless-converged enhancements. The end-user trends are shifting from wired to wireless. Therefore, wireless devices mentioned above is becoming famous and common in the society.

Through advancements in wireless technologies, operators have achieved continuous improvements and cost savings with higher data speeds and the increase in network capacity.
Besides that. customers have also benefited from the technology evolution. For instance, enterprise customers gain benefits from worker productivity, efficiencies in operations and increased customer satisfaction levels.

Data Management : The evolution of data management technology : from traditional file to data warehouse

Posted by The Unbeatable , Labels: , Thursday, February 25, 2010 1:25 AM

Traditional file based system defined as basically a file based system, in which we manually or through computer handle the database such as updating, insertion ,deletion adding new files to database. For the traditional file approach, there are collection of applications that each define and manage their own files. Example, each business application was designed to use one or more specialized data files containing only specific types of data. There are the diagram of traditional file processing.

However, there will facing some problems with traditional file processing which are data redundancy, lack of data integration, data dependence and lack of data integrity or standardization.

To solve the problem encountered with the traditional file processing, the database management approach was conceived as the foundation of modern methods for managing organizational data. The management database approach consolidates data records, formerly held in separate files, into databases that can be accessed by many different application programs. Below is n example of database management approach.

Besides that, the database management systems (DBMS) serves as software interfaces between users and databases. It also involves the functions to control how databases are created, interrogated, and maintained to provide information needed by the end users. There are the diagram of database management systems (DBMS).


For the data warehouse, it stores the data that have been extracted from the various operational, external and other databases of an organization. It is a central source of the data that have been cleaned, transformed, and cataloged so the managers and other business professionals can use them for data mining, analytical processing, analysis, market research and decision support. Data warehouse can be divided into data marts which hold the subsets of data that focus on specific aspects of a company, such as department or a business process. There are the diagram of data marts and data warehouses.

Example of Applications and Data Marts.


Example of Data Warehouses.


General purpose VS Function-specific application software

Posted by The Unbeatable , Labels: , Thursday, February 18, 2010 10:06 AM

Application software is computer software designed to help the user to perform a singular or multiple related specific tasks. Such programs are also called software applications, applications or apps. Typical examples are word processors, spearsheets, media players and database applications.






There are 2 types of appliaction that I would like to discuss about.

i) General application software

ii) Specific application software

The general purpose application software is much broader in use.

Word processors for example, can handle every form of writing, aside from calligraphy.


Spreadsheet programs like Excel handle a significant portion of data processing problems (with databases taking the rest).



Specific Purpose application software is very specific in its use. Engineering programs often fall under this category - there is a program that does slope stability analysis and nothing else, for instance. Specific purpose software may also be created in house and tailored to the specific needs of the company.




For an example, Hollywood movie production uses the specific application software to product high-quality movie. This software can ensure them to make more profit.



In the other hand, some industries also uses the mathematics software
to solve their problems. This specific software make sure that
the industy are on track of their business.
The following pictures are some example of specific purpose application software.



















In general, general purpose software is intended to perform a broader class of functions, while specific purpose software is intended to perform a very specific function.


For my point of view I guess as their names said: you can use general purpose softwares for more purposes but limited capabilities for each purpose; but you can use purpose specific softwares for less purposes but with greater capabilities for each purpose.
~END~

THE EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

Posted by The Unbeatable , Labels: , Wednesday, February 10, 2010 7:08 PM



THE EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SYSTEM


People have been inventing new ideas in computer systems for nearly four
decades. Many of them have been spectacularly successful: virtual memory, packet networks, objects, relational databases, and graphical user interfaces are a few examples. Other promising ideas have not worked out: capabilities, formal methods, distributed computing, and persistent objects. And the fate of some is still in doubt: parallel computing, RISC, and software reuse. The most important invention of the last decade, the World Wide Web, was not made by computer systems researchers.



MAINFRAMES







Mainframes are computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing.

Mainframes have slimmed down drastically in the last few years, dramatically reducing their air-conditioning needs, electrical power consumption, and floor space requirements.
Thus, mainframe computers continue to handle the information processing needs of major corporations and government agencies with high transaction processing volumes or complex computational problems.

For example, major international banks,oil companies, and other large corporations process millions of sales transaction and customer inquiries each day with the help of large mainframe system.




MIDRANGE




Midrange computers, or midrange systems, are a class of computer systems which fall in between mainframe and microcomputers. The range emerged in the 1960s and was more generally known at the time as minicomputer. Notable midrange computer lines include Digital Equipment Corporation, Data General, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Sun Microsystems.


Historically, midrange computers have been sold to small to medium-sized businesses as their main computer, and to larger enterprises for branch- or department-level operations.Since 1980s, when the client-server computing architecture become predominant, computers of the comparable class are instead universally known as servers to recognize that they "serve" end users at their "client" computers.


Since the client-server model was developed in Unix-like operating systems, using this term frequently implies support of standard—rather than proprietary—protocols and programming interfaces.



MICROCOMPUTERS




Microcomputers are the most important category of computer systems for both businessman and consumer.Microcomputer is a computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit. They are physically small compared to mainframe and minicomputers.Many microcomputers are also personal computers.



The computing power of microcomputer now exceeds that of the mainframes of previous computer generations, at a fraction of their cost.Thus, they have become powerful networked professional workstations for business professionals.


PCs are available as handheld, notebook, laptop, and tablet, portable, desktop, and floor-standing models. Or, based on their use, they include home, personal, professional, workstation, and multiuser system.Most microcomputers are desktops designed to fit on an office desk or laptops for those who want a small, portable PC.

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Friday, March 5, 2010

Network and Telecommunications

Posted by The Unbeatable at 7:23 AM
Network and Telecommunications


Since a hundred years ago, the worldwide telecom network enables universal inter-personal voice communication. The services provided by the network have evolved over time which is cause from technical changes. There are many changes such as from connection through human operator to electromechanical to electronic switches ; from only national or local calls to seamless international calls ; from one basic service to added value service and most importantly from wired access to wireless access.


Wired Technologies


~A typical wired network~



~The various connection of wired network~


Wired technology has been around for ages. It first became popular in the early 1900's with the introduction of the telephone network. The use of wired connections trigger the creation of other technologies like multiplexing and SONET. Electronic signals are being transmitted over a metal conductor through the use of physical wires. Currently, this is the most reliable way to transmitting or receiving data or voice. The Internet transmits a large amount of data through fiber optic cabling and also employs a large amount of T1/T3 lines that run over standard copper wiring. Thus, wired technologies refers to copper wiring but does not include fiber optic technologies. Below are different types of wired technologies:


Twisted-paired wire
Ordinary telephone wire which is made up of copper wire twisted into pairs. It is the most widely used medium for telecommunications. This is because twisted-pair wire is very cheap to install. The transmission bits is within 2 million bits per second (unshielded) and 100 million bits per second (shielded).


Coaxial Cable
Consist of sturdy copper or aluminum wire which is wrapped with spacers to insulate and protect it. Coaxial cable is more expensive than twisted-pair wire. The transmission speed is from 200 million to over 500 million bits per second (200 - 500 Mbps).


Fiber-Optic Cable
Uses cable which consists of one or more hair-thin filaments of glass fiber wrapped in a protective jacket. Fiber-optic cable is the most expensive type of cable. Like wise, it is very secure, 100 times faster speed than coaxial cabel, greater carrying capacity and it does not make any noise.



Wireless Technologies


Wireless telecommunications technologies rely on radio wave, microwave, infrared, and visible light pulses to transport digital communications without wires between the communications devices. It is used when the situation is inconvenient, impractical, or impossible to install cables. There are a lot kinds of wireless technologies nowadays such as cell phones, PDAs, mobile radio, Bluetooth and others as described below :

Terrestrial Microwave

Include earthbound microwave systems transmit high-speed radio signals. It follows a line-of-sight path between relay systems that consist of space around 30 miles apart. This kind of microwave is used in large companies or universities. They can transmit data at rates up to 4500 times faster than dial-up modem.



Communication Satellites

Their telecommunications mediums is the use of microwave radio. Satellites are powered by solar panels and can transmit microwave signals at a rate of several hundred million bits per second. They were used initially for voice and video transmission but now they are also used for high speed transmission of large volumes of data.



Wireless Web

Wireless internet, intranets, and extranets access is growing as web-enabled information appliances proliferate. Wireless web is used in smart phones, pagers, PDAs to provide web access through a "Web clipping" technology.





The Effect of Evolution

Today, the evolution of wireless technologies continues to improve airlink performance. However, additional emphasis is placed on seamless wireless-converged enhancements. The end-user trends are shifting from wired to wireless. Therefore, wireless devices mentioned above is becoming famous and common in the society.

Through advancements in wireless technologies, operators have achieved continuous improvements and cost savings with higher data speeds and the increase in network capacity.
Besides that. customers have also benefited from the technology evolution. For instance, enterprise customers gain benefits from worker productivity, efficiencies in operations and increased customer satisfaction levels.

Thursday, February 25, 2010

Data Management : The evolution of data management technology : from traditional file to data warehouse

Posted by The Unbeatable at 1:25 AM
Traditional file based system defined as basically a file based system, in which we manually or through computer handle the database such as updating, insertion ,deletion adding new files to database. For the traditional file approach, there are collection of applications that each define and manage their own files. Example, each business application was designed to use one or more specialized data files containing only specific types of data. There are the diagram of traditional file processing.

However, there will facing some problems with traditional file processing which are data redundancy, lack of data integration, data dependence and lack of data integrity or standardization.

To solve the problem encountered with the traditional file processing, the database management approach was conceived as the foundation of modern methods for managing organizational data. The management database approach consolidates data records, formerly held in separate files, into databases that can be accessed by many different application programs. Below is n example of database management approach.

Besides that, the database management systems (DBMS) serves as software interfaces between users and databases. It also involves the functions to control how databases are created, interrogated, and maintained to provide information needed by the end users. There are the diagram of database management systems (DBMS).


For the data warehouse, it stores the data that have been extracted from the various operational, external and other databases of an organization. It is a central source of the data that have been cleaned, transformed, and cataloged so the managers and other business professionals can use them for data mining, analytical processing, analysis, market research and decision support. Data warehouse can be divided into data marts which hold the subsets of data that focus on specific aspects of a company, such as department or a business process. There are the diagram of data marts and data warehouses.

Example of Applications and Data Marts.


Example of Data Warehouses.


Thursday, February 18, 2010

General purpose VS Function-specific application software

Posted by The Unbeatable at 10:06 AM
Application software is computer software designed to help the user to perform a singular or multiple related specific tasks. Such programs are also called software applications, applications or apps. Typical examples are word processors, spearsheets, media players and database applications.






There are 2 types of appliaction that I would like to discuss about.

i) General application software

ii) Specific application software

The general purpose application software is much broader in use.

Word processors for example, can handle every form of writing, aside from calligraphy.


Spreadsheet programs like Excel handle a significant portion of data processing problems (with databases taking the rest).



Specific Purpose application software is very specific in its use. Engineering programs often fall under this category - there is a program that does slope stability analysis and nothing else, for instance. Specific purpose software may also be created in house and tailored to the specific needs of the company.




For an example, Hollywood movie production uses the specific application software to product high-quality movie. This software can ensure them to make more profit.



In the other hand, some industries also uses the mathematics software
to solve their problems. This specific software make sure that
the industy are on track of their business.
The following pictures are some example of specific purpose application software.



















In general, general purpose software is intended to perform a broader class of functions, while specific purpose software is intended to perform a very specific function.


For my point of view I guess as their names said: you can use general purpose softwares for more purposes but limited capabilities for each purpose; but you can use purpose specific softwares for less purposes but with greater capabilities for each purpose.
~END~

Wednesday, February 10, 2010

THE EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

Posted by The Unbeatable at 7:08 PM


THE EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SYSTEM


People have been inventing new ideas in computer systems for nearly four
decades. Many of them have been spectacularly successful: virtual memory, packet networks, objects, relational databases, and graphical user interfaces are a few examples. Other promising ideas have not worked out: capabilities, formal methods, distributed computing, and persistent objects. And the fate of some is still in doubt: parallel computing, RISC, and software reuse. The most important invention of the last decade, the World Wide Web, was not made by computer systems researchers.



MAINFRAMES







Mainframes are computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing.

Mainframes have slimmed down drastically in the last few years, dramatically reducing their air-conditioning needs, electrical power consumption, and floor space requirements.
Thus, mainframe computers continue to handle the information processing needs of major corporations and government agencies with high transaction processing volumes or complex computational problems.

For example, major international banks,oil companies, and other large corporations process millions of sales transaction and customer inquiries each day with the help of large mainframe system.




MIDRANGE




Midrange computers, or midrange systems, are a class of computer systems which fall in between mainframe and microcomputers. The range emerged in the 1960s and was more generally known at the time as minicomputer. Notable midrange computer lines include Digital Equipment Corporation, Data General, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Sun Microsystems.


Historically, midrange computers have been sold to small to medium-sized businesses as their main computer, and to larger enterprises for branch- or department-level operations.Since 1980s, when the client-server computing architecture become predominant, computers of the comparable class are instead universally known as servers to recognize that they "serve" end users at their "client" computers.


Since the client-server model was developed in Unix-like operating systems, using this term frequently implies support of standard—rather than proprietary—protocols and programming interfaces.



MICROCOMPUTERS




Microcomputers are the most important category of computer systems for both businessman and consumer.Microcomputer is a computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit. They are physically small compared to mainframe and minicomputers.Many microcomputers are also personal computers.



The computing power of microcomputer now exceeds that of the mainframes of previous computer generations, at a fraction of their cost.Thus, they have become powerful networked professional workstations for business professionals.


PCs are available as handheld, notebook, laptop, and tablet, portable, desktop, and floor-standing models. Or, based on their use, they include home, personal, professional, workstation, and multiuser system.Most microcomputers are desktops designed to fit on an office desk or laptops for those who want a small, portable PC.

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